动载荷作用下裂隙岩体的止裂机理分析

为深层次了解裂隙岩体在动载荷作用下的动态断裂特性及止裂机理,采用TWSRC（tunnel with single radial crack）构型进行中低速冲击实验,选择砂岩作为原材料制作裂隙岩体试样,以落锤冲击试验装置与裂纹扩展计实验系统对裂纹的动态起裂、扩展及止裂过程进行全过程监测,重点研究动态破裂过程的破裂行为及止裂现象。使用有限差分法程序进行数值模拟,验证冲击实验结果的科学性与准确性。研究发现:裂隙岩体的动态断裂过程是由起裂加速-高速扩展-缓慢减速-止裂-再次起裂加速-再次高速扩展等多次循环的过程构成,且止裂区间尺寸为微秒量级;裂隙岩体止裂位置的穿晶断裂比例远小于初始起裂点,青砂岩动态断裂过程的穿晶断裂比例稍大于黑砂岩;裂隙岩体中止裂点再次起裂所需的能量,远小于预制裂纹初始起裂所需要的能量。     

暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统

共焦布里渊光谱技术因其具有无创、无标记、高空间分辨等优点,被广泛应用在物理化学、材料科学、矿物学等领域。但自发布里渊散射强度弱,在探测系统消光比不足的情况下,布里渊信号光谱容易与弹性背景光发生交叠甚至是被湮没,因而无法实现对布里渊频移的精确测量。尤其在生物医学等前沿领域,浑浊介质粘弹性探测需求的日益增加对布里渊光谱探测系统的抗弹性背景光性能提出了更高的要求,解决共焦布里渊光谱探测系统消光比不足这一问题刻不容缓。为了提高共焦布里渊光谱探测系统的消光比,本文构建了一种暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统,将暗场照明应用于共焦布里渊探测中,利用光阑实现了中心遮挡的环形照明、中心通光的圆形收集的光路配置。照明光路与收集光路非交叉的特殊配置,保证了激发光强的同时避免了系统对镜面反射光的收集,因而使得弹性背景光被削弱,布里渊信号光谱显露,提高了系统的消光比。实验表明：相较于传统明场照明配置,暗场共焦布里渊探测系统的抗弹性背景光性能提升,消光比提高了20 dB;0.001%浓度的脂肪乳溶液在暗场配置下背景光得到明显压制,布里渊信号光谱显露,实现了对浑浊介质的布里渊频移数据的精确测量;选取蒸馏水、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、二氧化硅玻璃三个标准样品验证暗场配置下的非严格背向散射角,理论分析与实验相吻合,保证了后续轴向声速、纵向弹性模量等参数的计算结果的准确有效。暗场共焦布里渊光谱探测系统综合暗场照明与共焦探测的优点,既拥有共焦探测的高空间分辨率,又借助暗场光路配置提升了系统的抗弹性背景光性能,实现了高消光比、高空间分辨的布里渊光谱探测,为生物医学、材料科学等前沿领域实现对物质机械性能的实时无损探测提供了新的思路。     

不同形貌二水草酸钙对阴离子表面活性剂AOT的吸附差异

人体尿液中存在大量具有生物表面活性的物质,而这些物质与尿液中不同形貌的草酸钙微晶间的吸附关系并未得到人们广泛关注。挑选了常用的阴离子表面活性剂磺基琥珀酸钠二辛酯(AOT)作为吸附物质,研究了不同形貌的二水草酸钙(COD)晶体对AOT的吸附差异,探究草酸钙结石的形成机理。采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)表征,并通过谱图差异分析了吸附AOT前后棒状、圆钝形、花状、十字形和双锥形COD晶体的组分变化;采用Zeta电位分析仪测定吸附AOT后晶体表面的Zeta电位随AOT浓度的变化;采用比色法通过紫外可见分光光度计测定不同浓度AOT存在下晶体的吸附量变化并绘制吸附曲线。随着AOT浓度的增加,COD的吸附量逐渐上升,最后达到吸附饱和状态,各吸附曲线均呈S型。不同形貌COD对AOT的最大吸附量大小顺序为：棒状COD (41.0 mg·g-1)>圆钝形COD (37.5 mg·g-1)>花状COD (35.0 mg·g-1)>十字形COD (27.2 mg·g-1)>双锥形COD (20.9 mg·g-1)。COD晶体的比表面积越大,表面提供的活性位点也越多,越有利于表面活性剂AOT在晶体表面的吸附;富含Ca2+的(100)晶面更利于阴离子的AOT的优先吸附;此外COD晶体的内能越大,越会抑制AOT在COD表面的吸附,导致吸附量降低。吸附了AOT的COD晶体稳定性显著增加,COD向COM转变的速度明显降低。基于AOT在不同形貌的COD晶体表面的吸附特点,提出了COD晶体吸附AOT的分子模型。COD晶体对AOT的吸附与晶体形貌密切相关。容易吸附AOT的COD晶体形貌更容易粘附在带负电荷受损伤的细胞表面,加大草酸钙结石形成的风险。     

太赫兹光谱结合特征谱区筛选算法在发动机润滑油含水量定量分析中应用研究

发动机润滑油是保障汽车发动机持久且稳定运转的基石,准确评定发动机润滑油各项性能指标是其在生产到使用全过程必不可少的步骤。发动机润滑油在一段时间的使用后会因为多种原因引起油品变质,发动机润滑油变质的指标可以用其中非磁性颗粒物浓度、金属屑含量、pH值、粘稠度、含水率等表述。关于发动机润滑油含水量的检测,传统的检测方法存在操作复杂,及时性差等缺点。太赫兹对水吸收强烈,适合用于对样品中微水含量的分析。通过透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统获得1.0～3.5 THz下的六种不同水含量的发动机润滑油的吸收系数谱线,对谱线进行Savitzky-Golay（SG）平滑去噪,剔除奇异样本后,采用Kennard-Stone算法划分样品集,尝试常规区间偏最小二乘法（iPLS）、向后区间偏最小二乘法（BiPLS）和联合区间偏最小二乘法（SiPLS）对其太赫兹时域光谱特征谱区间进行筛选,着重研究区间间隔数、PLS组件数、最佳主因子数和区间选择等因素对PLS模型属性的影响,并且对不同含水量的润滑油建模分析,对不同模型比较选优,建立最优定量分析模型。建模结果表示特征谱区筛选可以提高建模性能、降低模型复杂性,特征谱区筛选算法通过剔除发动机润滑油太赫兹吸收系数谱线中非线性或者无关变量的方式,使建模结果更好的表达吸收系数谱线与其含水量的关系。结果表明：采用BiPLS模型用于发电机润滑油中微量水含量的定量分析时建模效果最佳,模型区间数为26,入选区间为[18 10 4 3 8 12 5 11 24 13 16 21 2],主因子数为10,最优模型的交互验证均方根误差RMSECV为0.003 5,预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.004 6,校正集相关系数r为0.919 3,预测集相关系数r为0.865 7。由此可见,可以采用反向区间偏最小二乘法（BiPLS）用于发动机润滑油水含量的测定,且实验过程简单,建模计算速度快,效果理想,可以适用于非接触式油品含水量的定量分析。     

基于超疏水高黏附结构的痕量农药分子现场检测SERS基底研究

多种农药,包括孔雀石绿（MG）作为禁用兽药,存在食用致癌的风险。由于MG低廉的价格和极好的药效,在渔业养殖中一直被不法商贩非法使用,使得鱼类生鲜中时有MG残留检出。针对MG分子痕量残留的检测,目前一般是抽取少量养殖水样,再利用高效液相色谱柱、液相色谱-光谱等方法来评估其是否超标。这类传统的检测方法一般需要依赖价格昂贵的大型设备,且检测过程操作繁琐复杂,单次检测耗时长、价格高,因而与农贸市场中商品流通量大、速度快、价格需亲民低廉等特点和要求不相符合。近年来,表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）检测技术以及便携式拉曼光谱仪的出现,有望实现对痕量农药分子的现场快速检测,进而很好地解决这一问题。SERS检测技术利用金属纳米结构的表面等离激元效应感应位于其结构表面附近的分子,得到分子种类和浓度信息。为了降低可检测的浓度极限,一般会在SERS基底上利用咖啡环效应或其他手段将待测分子蒸发富集,以获得足够高的信号强度。针对亲水基底,液滴与基底相接触后,会在基底表面摊开,使其分布面积扩大,导致其咖啡环周长变长,分子分布浓度随之降低。而当采用疏水基底富集时,由于常规的疏水基底表面黏附性小,液滴在其表面处于随处滚动无法抓取的状态,极大增加了操作的难度。以MG分子痕量残留的检测为例,由于农贸市场人员众多、无专业实验平台,磕碰撞击时有发生,在此环境下采用疏水SERS基底对农药分子进行检测显然是不可取的。该研究提出一种基于超疏水高黏附纳米森林结构的SERS基底用于痕量MG分子的快速现场检测。相比于超疏水SERS基底,所提出的超疏水高黏附基底利用其高黏附性可牢固抓取待测液滴,解决了以往超疏水基底在实际现场检测中存在液滴滚动无法操作的问题。此外,与亲水基底相比,超疏水高黏附基底由于接触角大,可将咖啡环面积缩小5.73倍,继而使分子的富集浓度提高5.73倍,最终使检测极限浓度降低了至少两个数量级。研究所提出的超疏水高黏附SERS基底有望在痕量农药分子快速现场检测中得到应用。     

Au Modified F-TiO2 for Efficient Photocatalytic Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide

In this work, Au-modified F-TiO₂ is developed as a simple and efficient photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production under ultraviolet light. The Au/F-TiO₂ photocatalyst avoids the necessity of adding fluoride into the reaction medium for enhancing H₂O₂ synthesis, as in a pure TiO₂ reaction system. The F⁻ modification inhibits the H₂O₂ decomposition through the formation of the ≡Ti–F complex. Au is an active cocatalyst for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. We compared the activity of TiO₂ with F⁻ modification and without F⁻ modification in the presence of Au, and found that the H₂O₂ production rate over Au/F-TiO₂ reaches four times that of Au/TiO₂. In situ electron spin resonance studies have shown that H₂O₂ is produced by stepwise single-electron oxygen reduction on the Au/F-TiO₂ photocatalyst.     

LiV2O4: electronic,magnetic structure and heavy-fermion behaviour from first principles

First principles studies based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the generalized gradient approximations (GGA) and GGA + U approach using the full-potential, augmented plane wave + local orbitals (APW + lo) method, as implemented in the WIEN2k code, have been used to investigate the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of spinel-structure LiV₂O₄, in particular regarding the heavy fermion (HF) behaviour. The calculations were performed for ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic configurations using two kinds of magnetic structures (tetragonal and rhombohedral). The GGA results showed that the Fermi energy lies in the V 3d (t_2g) bands with 1.5 electrons per V atom occupying this band, and the V 3d bands are separated by a ～1.9 eV energy gap from the O 2p bands and further split into t_2g and e_g bands with a ～1.0 eV energy gap, which are in good agreement with the photoelectron spectra. The GGA + U method indicates that the ground state of LiV₂O₄ is the tetragonal anti-ferromagnetic configuration with metallic character, and ferromagnetic order character at slightly higher energy, which is consistent with experimental result. The geometric frustration and hybridization between 3d (V) and 2p (O) could induce spin fluctuation and help to explain the instability of specific heat, susceptibility and HF behaviour.     

A mixed scrambling operation for hiding image

A mixed scrambling operation is defined by the use of Arnold transform and Baker mapping. Following a designed sequence, the combined scrambling operation is utilized for changing the pixel position of secret image under the control of a random matrix. At the same time, the pixel value is altered by random bit shift for obtaining an encrypted image encoded in N-bit data. The operations mentioned above are employed for all pixels of original secret image. Finally an encrypted image is obtained and encoded into N-bit data being from the input image. Some numerical simulations have been achieved for checking the performance of the image hiding scheme.     

Study and design of a low cost optical pickup based on double FBGs

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pickup exploiting Intensity Modulation-Direct Detection (IM-DD) interrogation system was put forward in this paper. The feasibility of detecting the vibration of the guitar was revealed by FFT analysis. There was certain correlation between the FBG pickup and the magnetic pickup. A high signal-to-noise ratio (42.85 dB) was obtained. The FBG pickup has a frequency response range (0–3000 Hz) that is comparable to the reference pickup. The results indicated that the proposed pickup is effective to pick up the vibration. A simple structure design and low-cost interrogation system set-ups were proposed.     

Progress on tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory for nuclear magnetic and antimagnetic rotation

Magnetic rotation and antimagnetic rotation are exotic rotational phenomena observed in weakly deformed or near-spherical nuclei, which are respectively interpreted in terms of the shears mechanism and two shearslike mechanism. Since their observations, magnetic rotation and antimagnetic rotation phenomena have been mainly investigated in the framework of tilted axis cranking based on the pairing plus quadrupole model. For the last decades, the covariant density functional theory and its extension have been proved to be successful in describing series of nuclear ground-states and excited states properties, including the binding energies, radii, single-particle spectra, resonance states, halo phenomena, magnetic moments, magnetic rotation, low-lying excitations, shape phase transitions, collective rotation and vibrations, etc. This review will mainly focus on the tilted axis cranking covariant density functional theory and its application for the magnetic rotation and antimagnetic rotation phenomena.